（1aU10 London Bridge 3 & Halloween）小西媽雙語工程2101期44號(hào)Jasper打卡第124天（21.10.31）

Jz媽媽

<進(jìn)度>英語：1aU10漢語：漢一第10單元《城門城門幾丈高》理解性閱讀：海尼曼中；牛津樹3三師課：0a 《Peak-a-boo》海尼曼精講：“all about animals”字母和字母音：A-Q識(shí)字：《學(xué)前快讀》第一冊(cè)第1課 1.Listening 2.Reading 3.Videos超級(jí)愛看白澤，一集一集停不下來。。唉?? Watch some videos about London Tower Bridge孩子對(duì)倫敦塔橋可以分開過船特別感興趣。。。真想有機(jī)會(huì)帶孩子實(shí)地去倫敦看看塔橋呀。。。 Difference between London Bridge and London Tower Bridge London Tower Bridge is the most popular bridge in London, that's for sure. But don't get it mixed up with London Bridge. They are two different bridges. London Bridge is a bridge over the River Thames. It is in central London, and connects the City of London with Southwark. It is between Cannon Street Railway Bridge and Tower Bridge. Tower Bridge is in London. It crosses the River Thames near the Tower of London. It is a drawbridge可開合的吊橋, which allows ships through the bridge deck when the deck is raised in the centre at an angle. The north side of the bridge is Tower Hill塔座, and the south side of the bridge comes down into Bermondsey, an area in Southwark. It is far more visible than London Bridge, which people often mistake it for. Many tourists go to London to see the Tower Bridge. It has its own exhibition centre in the horizontal walkway. This gives one of the best exhibition centre in London. The "bascules豎旋橋的雙翼" are the surfaces raised to allow tall ships to pass through: this happens about 900 times per year. The bridge's decks (bascules) can be raised to 83o from the horizontal橋板可以升起到水平角度的83度. Here are some facts about London’s Tower Bridge Tower Bridge was built between 1886 and 1894. The bridge combines elements of a suspension bridge懸浮橋的設(shè)計(jì)元素 design with elements of a bascule bridge吊橋的設(shè)計(jì)元素 design. It has two towers兩座塔座連接著 linked by two walkways走道 and suspended sections懸浮的部分 to either side of the towers, stretching towards the banks of the Thames 朝泰晤士河的兩岸延伸. Tower Bridge was designed by Sir Horace Jones, the City Architect建筑師. The central span of the bridge can be raised to allow ships to pass 橋的中心可以升起讓船只通過。 More than 400 workers helped to build the bridge and over 70000 tons of concrete were was sunk to the bed of the River Thames to support the bridge 超過7萬噸水泥注入到河床來支撐橋。 Tower Bridge is 244 metres long and each tower is 65 metres high. River traffic takes priority over bridge users, but you must give 24 hours notice if you need the bascules 活動(dòng)桁架 to be raised to allow your ship to pass. They are raised more than 1000 times a year. Many people think that Tower Bridge is called London Bridge, when in fact they are two different crossings. Two walkways The bridge consists of two bridge towers tied together at the upper level by two horizontal walkways. Many tourists go to London to see the Tower Bridge.We will take the elevator from the bottom of the tower to the high-level walkways. We can walk in the walkways and the floor in the walkways is made of glass, so we can look down at the bridge decks and the River Thames. Bridge deck/walkway The bridge deck/walkway is freely accessible to both vehicles and pedestrians.The bridge deck/walkway between the towers is split into two equal bascules, which can be raised to an angle of 86 degrees to allow river traffic to pass.In a word, Tower Bridge is, firstly, very beautiful on the outside. Second, the deck can open when high boats come by. Let's see a video, ok? 4.Learning center 5.Supplement:(1)Famous people and things from EnglandB: 媽媽，還有小豬佩奇呢。。。M: Oh, yes! !!"Peppa Pig"is actually famous thing from England. 本來計(jì)劃去世界公園看大本鐘之類的的，可惜北京又有疫情了，稍等一段時(shí)間吧。。。 (2)Famous bridges around the world太多了。。。就過一遍吧。。。還是得有機(jī)會(huì)帶孩子們多去全世界走走。。。疫情快快結(jié)束吧。。。 6.Light Energy: Why Does the Length of a Shadow Change?Jasper發(fā)現(xiàn)影子長度有變化，特別好奇為什么，那好吧，媽媽順勢(shì)科普一下吧。。。 B:媽媽，我們的影子會(huì)變化。。。M: Amazing! So have you noticed how our shadows changed?B: ..We stand here...our shadow...very...long...we stand here...shadow...short...M: Jasper, I am proud of your ability of oberservation. So do you know why the length of our shadows can change?B: No.M: See, there is a lamp post over there. That's the light source. If we are near the light source, our shadows will be short. If we are far away from the light source, our shadows will be long. Jasper, let's walk to that lamp post again and this time you should watch the changes of our shadows more carefully. OK?B: OK.M: See, now we are far away from the lamp post, so our shadows are very long. When we are closer to the lamp post, our shadows are becoming shorter and shorter...B: short...shorter...shorter...shorter...媽媽，哈哈，影子沒有了。。。M: You can turn back.And you can see your tiny shadow. Now we are nearly under the lamp post, so our shadows are the shortest. Jasper, you can keep on walking, and see what will happen.B: long...long...long...媽媽，影子又變長了。。。M: Yes. Do you know why?B: I am far...en...lamp...M: Yes, you are farther and farther away from the lamp post...Let me show you some pictures. There's a cat and a lamp post... (跟孩子說的簡(jiǎn)單版，以下文字是給老母親自雞的)How Are Shadows Formed?In order for a shadow to be formed, there are 3 conditions that have to be met: <ol><li>Light from a light source must be present.</li><li>The object must be able to block light.</li><li>There must be a screen for the shadow to form on.</li></ol> The length of the shadow depends on the distance between the light source and the object, which affects the size of the shadow formed on the ground. Let’s start from Point WWhen the cat is at Point W, light rays from the lamp post are falling on the cat at the furthest distance. This causes the cat to block the greatest area of light from the lamp post, causing the length of shadow formed at Point W to be the longest. Moving from Point W to Point XAs the cat walks from Point W to Point X, the distance between the lamp post and the cat decreases, causing the length of the shadow to decrease. (Compare Diagram 1 and Diagram 2 drawn below) This would also mean that the cat is blocking a smaller area of light from the lamp post. At Point XWhen the cat is directly below the lamp post at Point X, the distance between the lamp post and the cat is the shortest. Thus, the length of the shadow will also be the shortest. This is because light rays from the lamp post is only falling just above the cat, and the cat is blocking the SMALLEST area of light from the lamp post. Moving from Point X to Point ZAs the cat walks from Point X to Point Z, the length of the shadow will increase once again since the distance between the lamp post and the cat increases. This would also mean that the cat is blocking a GREATER area of light from the lamp post. Point ZWhen the cat is at Point Z, the distance between the lamp post and the cat is the furthest once again, causing the cat to block the GREATEST area of light. Hence, the length of shadow formed at Point Z would be the longest again. 7.Halloween（背景介紹這一塊，媽媽轉(zhuǎn)的，主要媽媽看一看學(xué)一學(xué)。。。雖然我們不過萬圣節(jié)，但了解以下西方文化還是不錯(cuò)的）(1)Origins of Halloween 萬圣節(jié)起源萬圣節(jié)最早的起源是古代凱爾特人的節(jié)日－夏末節(jié)（Samhain）。2000年前，凱爾特人居住在現(xiàn)在的愛爾蘭，英國和法國北部的地區(qū)，他們?cè)诿磕甑?1月1日慶祝新年。對(duì)于他們來說，這一天標(biāo)志著夏季的結(jié)束和冬季的到來，也是一個(gè)與生命和死亡有關(guān)的獨(dú)特日子。凱爾特人認(rèn)為，在新年前夜，生者與死者所在世界的邊界變得模糊，死者的幽靈將回歸故里。這些幽靈雖然給人們帶來了恐懼，卻能夠幫助牧師更好的預(yù)測(cè)未來，而預(yù)言將指引人們安然度過漫長而黑暗的冬季。于是，凱爾特人在10月31日的夜晚慶祝夏末節(jié)。這就是萬圣節(jié)最早的起源。　　到了公元43年，隨著羅馬帝國的入侵，羅馬人把他們的兩個(gè)節(jié)日融入到了凱爾特人的夏末節(jié)中，而這兩個(gè)節(jié)日分別用來紀(jì)念逝者與慶祝豐收。公元7世紀(jì)，教皇格里高利三世把每年的11月1日定為“眾圣人節(jié)”（All Saints’ Day），以紀(jì)念圣人和殉道者。隨著基督教在凱爾特地區(qū)的傳播，凱爾特人的夏末節(jié)與教會(huì)的“眾圣人節(jié)”逐漸融合并最終為之取代。“眾圣人節(jié)”（All Saints’ Day）也被稱為All-hallows 或者 All-hallowmas（在中世紀(jì)英語中，Alholowmesse的意思也就是今天的All Saints’ Day)。而在這一天的前夜，也就是10月31日的夜里，傳統(tǒng)的凱爾特人夏末節(jié)逐漸變?yōu)锳ll-hallows Eve（意思是“眾圣人節(jié)前夜”），并最終演變?yōu)榻裉煳覀兯熘娜f圣節(jié)Halloween。 (2) The Halloween Pumpkin 萬圣節(jié)南瓜　　說到萬圣節(jié)，我們首先想到的就是刻有鬼臉的南瓜燈，而人們?cè)谌f圣節(jié)制作南瓜燈的傳統(tǒng)同樣要追溯到古代凱爾特人的夏末節(jié)。在這一天的夜晚，凱爾特人會(huì)在田野中升起巨大的篝火（Bonfires）。他們相信，幽靈（Ghosts）會(huì)被火光所吸引，并藏身在黑暗之中。為了防止幽靈潛入房屋和農(nóng)田，人們用蘿卜（Turnip）刻出鏤空的鬼臉，把點(diǎn)燃的蠟燭放在里面。他們把做好的蘿卜燈（Turnip Lanterns）放在大門和道路兩邊，用來為來往的行人照明并驅(qū)散過路的幽靈。 到了18世紀(jì)中期，隨著愛爾蘭和蘇格蘭移民來到美洲大陸，人們開始在北美慶祝萬圣節(jié)。由于北美盛產(chǎn)南瓜（Pumpkin），最初用于制作燈籠的蘿卜被南瓜所取代。于是，制作南瓜燈（Pumpkin Lanterns）和各種南瓜點(diǎn)心也逐漸成為了萬圣節(jié)最著名的傳統(tǒng)之一。 (3)Halloween Costumes 萬圣節(jié)裝扮 萬圣節(jié)給我們的印象，除了鬼臉南瓜燈就是各種奇奇怪怪的裝扮了。在西方國家，年輕人非常熱衷于在萬圣夜把自己打扮成恐怖的幽靈，出沒于大街小巷或者參加萬圣節(jié)聚會(huì)。而這些稀奇古怪的裝扮則起源于西歐和凱爾特地區(qū)。在幾百年前的歐洲，人們對(duì)于幽靈的存在深信不疑。在萬圣節(jié)當(dāng)天，人們都避免在天黑以后出門，害怕會(huì)撞見四處游蕩的幽靈（Roaming Spirits）。如果迫不得已非要出門，他們就會(huì)帶上恐怖的面具把自己打扮成幽靈的樣子，這樣幽靈就不會(huì)認(rèn)出他們。人們相信，這種辦法可以保護(hù)自己和家人在萬圣節(jié)不受幽靈的侵襲。 現(xiàn)如今，圣誕節(jié)的化妝Party已經(jīng)成為了年輕人的節(jié)日慶?；顒?dòng)。萬圣節(jié)裝扮的創(chuàng)意層出不窮，除了傳統(tǒng)的吸血鬼（Vampire）形象，電影里的超級(jí)英雄（Super Heroes）和海盜（Pirate）等形象也特別受歡迎。 (4)Trick-or-Treating 不給糖就搗蛋 隨著時(shí)間的推移，萬圣節(jié)很多習(xí)俗的宗教意義逐漸被人們所忽略，多數(shù)習(xí)俗已經(jīng)發(fā)展成了節(jié)日的慶祝活動(dòng)。其中最受孩子們喜愛的習(xí)俗就是Trick-or-Treating（不給糖就搗蛋）。這一傳統(tǒng)最早起源于中世紀(jì)的英格蘭，那時(shí)萬圣節(jié)在英格蘭被稱為萬靈節(jié)（All Souls’ Day）。在這一天，窮人會(huì)到家家戶戶索要食物，并承諾會(huì)為這些家庭的逝者祈禱，而手頭寬裕的人們則會(huì)向窮人施舍一種叫做Soul Cakes的點(diǎn)心（Pastries）作為回饋，這種傳統(tǒng)叫做Going a-Souling。在教會(huì)的鼓勵(lì)下，這種傳統(tǒng)逐漸取代了用食物酒水供奉幽靈的習(xí)俗，并且慢慢發(fā)展成了小孩兒來到各家門前向大人們索要糖果和零錢的傳統(tǒng)。 如今，在萬圣節(jié)索要糖果已經(jīng)成為最受孩子們歡迎的傳統(tǒng)之一。每到萬圣夜，家家戶戶都會(huì)準(zhǔn)備大量糖果和零食迎接孩子們的“敲詐”，否則就要接受孩子們的惡作劇。據(jù)說在美國，每年四分之一的糖果都是在萬圣節(jié)期間消耗掉的。 (5) Jack-o’-Lanterns 杰克南瓜燈 與南瓜燈的凱爾特起源相同，杰克南瓜燈（Jack-o’-Lanterns）的形象同樣來源于一個(gè)愛爾蘭的民間傳說，故事的主人公叫做Stingy Jack（吝嗇鬼杰克）。據(jù)說，Stingy Jack曾經(jīng)邀請(qǐng)死神（Devil）喝酒，喝完卻不愿付酒錢。他勸說死神變成一枚硬幣來為他們的酒錢買單，死神照做之后，他就把死神變成的硬幣連同一個(gè)銀質(zhì)的十字架一起放在了自己的口袋里，致使死神無法變回原形。為了能變回原形，死神同意一年之內(nèi)不再來找Stingy Jack，還承諾即使他死了也不會(huì)索取他的靈魂。 一年之后，當(dāng)他們?cè)俅蜗嘤觯琒tingy Jack又故技重施騙死神爬上一棵樹幫他摘果子。死神剛一爬到樹上，他就在樹干上刻了一個(gè)十字架，把死神困在了樹上。這一次，死神為了能夠從樹上下來，只好同意十年以內(nèi)都不再來找他。 然而，沒過多久，Stingy Jack就去世了。上帝不肯讓他這樣一個(gè)陰險(xiǎn)狡猾的人進(jìn)入天堂，而死神由于自己的承諾以及對(duì)Stingy Jack的怨恨，也不肯讓他進(jìn)入地獄，而是只給了他一根燃燒的木炭在黑夜中照明。于是，Stingy Jack的鬼魂只能永遠(yuǎn)在天堂和地獄之間游蕩。Stingy Jack找到了一個(gè)鏤空的蘿卜（Turnip），并且把這根燃燒的木炭放到里面照明，從此他就一直提著蘿卜燈在黑暗中游蕩。 愛爾蘭和蘇格蘭人用蘿卜和土豆制作Jack-o’-Lanterns（杰克南瓜燈），并放在自家窗外和門口，來驅(qū)趕Stingy Jack和其他鬼魂。后來，隨著萬圣節(jié)和Jack-o’-Lanterns傳入美國，由南瓜制成的杰克南瓜燈逐漸成為最著名的萬圣節(jié)象征。 6. Mummy, Vampire, Black Cat, Bats and All Kinds of Ghosts木乃伊，吸血鬼，黑貓，蝙蝠和各種鬼魂 除了Jack-o’-Lanterns（杰克南瓜燈）以外，人們所熟悉的各種恐怖和邪惡的形象都可以成為萬圣節(jié)的象征。黑貓（Black Cat）是萬圣節(jié)的著名象征之一。西方人認(rèn)為黑貓會(huì)帶來厄運(yùn)，這一迷信可以追溯到中世紀(jì)，在當(dāng)時(shí)，黑貓被看做邪惡巫婆的化身。小編猜測(cè)《哈利波特》中麥格教授經(jīng)?；頌橐恢凰{(lán)色虎斑貓的靈感也許就來源于此。此外，木乃伊（Mummy），吸血鬼（Vampire）和蝙蝠（Bat）都是西方文化中著名的恐怖意象。在萬圣節(jié)期間，人們會(huì)用由這些形象制作的貼紙或道具來裝點(diǎn)房間。他們也是萬圣節(jié)Party上最受歡迎的裝扮。 (插入一個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)）Scary, frightening, spooky和dreadful的區(qū)別 Scary：可怕的。The neighbor's dog is scary and aggressive.鄰居家的狗很可怕、很兇。 Frightening：非?？膳?，比scary高一個(gè)級(jí)別的可怕。The car crash was frightening.這場(chǎng)車禍非常可怕。 Spooky：恐怖的，通常用于萬圣節(jié)等鬼怪相關(guān)場(chǎng)景。The haunted house was very spooky.鬼屋真恐怖。 Dreadful：非常糟糕的，不期望發(fā)生的。Dreadful可以翻譯成“可怕的”，但是這種可怕和上面三個(gè)詞不同，它與兇惡、鬼怪無關(guān)，只是表達(dá)內(nèi)心的一種畏懼和厭惡的感情。Tomorrow is going to be a dreadful day. We have three tests.明天將會(huì)是可怕的一天。我們會(huì)有三個(gè)考試。 (7)Make a Jack-o-lantern by ourselves The following tells you how make a Jack-o’-Lantern. Put them in the right order:　1. Draw the eyes, nose and mouth on the pumpkin.　2. Cut out the eyes, nose and mouth with a knife.　3. Put your hand inside the pumpkin and take out the seeds.　4. Your pumpkin becomes a Jack-o'-Lantern when you place a candle in it.　5. Cut a large hole around the top of the pumpkin. M:Jasper, I bought two pumpkins.We will make Jack-o-lanterns for you and Zoe. Are you happy?B: Yes.M: Now we need to cut a hole in the top.Next, we scoop out all seeds inside.Then, we can draw a face on and I will cut it out.Jasper, Zoe, come here. You can choose the faces by yourself. B: I like this one.M: OK. Zoe, you like this one, right? OK,We draw two eyes, a nose, and a big mouth. Daddy and mommy will cut the faces out. Wait for a moment.M: Finally, I will put a candle inside and then it will glow!Do you like your lanterns?B: Yes.M: When it is dark, we can take our lanterns out and show to your friends. M: It is dark now. Let's go out. Wow, your Jack-o-lantern is shining.